Subject category Subject
2011 balance demand deposits
credit absorption enterprises, individual economic household demand deposits and credit card deposit account in the course, depositors and the deposit should be a breakdown of types of settings. Deposited funds by remember the subject, credited to this subject; paid debit the amount of subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2012 Subject fiscal deposits
accounting credit absorption of the subject the executive authorities, organizations and financial institutions deposits .
2013 subjects to be settled financial contributions
credit for the course of township treasury accounting and treasury operations by closing at the collection, the budget revenue plan solutions.
2014 Subject local governments shall
the course library Accounting township budget revenues and expenditures.
2015 Subject Financial Accounting extra deposits
township extra budgetary funds of the subject and the self-financing payments.
2016 budget for special subjects of the course deposit
rural credit agency of the county accounting of the budget of special funds of the revenue, expenses allocated or on the solution. the subject set under the category detail by deposit account, deposit money debited to the relevant subjects, credited to the subjects; support funds allocated or the solution debit of the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2017 Subject bank card
the subject of rural credit cooperatives accounting for the unit or individual deposit, bank card business, under the ; 20,172 credit card remember the subject, credited to this subject, overdraft feature, units or individuals for deposit in the credit card business, debited to the relevant subjects, credited to this subject, , credited to the relevant subjects. unit or individual credit card overdraft, the overdraft should be transferred to the loan accounting class subjects.
2051 Subject deposits
credit enterprises absorbed into the regular payments in the Subject accounting, deposits should be set up units and a breakdown of the types of deposits. deposit amount debited to the relevant subjects, credited to the subjects; paid debit the amount of subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2111 Subject passbook savings deposits
credit absorption of passbook savings deposits of urban and rural residents and individuals living both fixed deposits will be accounted for in this course, depositors and the deposit should be a breakdown of types of settings.
2151 Subject
credit absorption of savings deposits of urban and rural residents Personal savings deposits accounted for in this course, depositors and the deposit should be a breakdown of types of settings.
2155 Subject
education savings account credit unions in accordance with the subject amount debited to the relevant subjects, credited to this subject; paid debit the amount of subjects, credited to the relevant subjects. credit unions should be set according to a breakdown of the depositor.
order of the subjects in the After the balance sheet, fill in the loans) accounted for this course, the course set by a breakdown of loan types.
2312 subjects central bank to borrow money
Associated Press this course is for accounting and credit borrowed in addition to the central bank lending to the agriculture various amounts outside.
2313 Subject borrow agriculture accounted for in the loan
Associated Press and the course credit borrowed from the central bank lending to agriculture.
2314 subjects of special central bank bills allocate funds
The People's Bank of China account the actual subject of rural credit cooperatives to honor the special fund when the amount of central bank bills. rural credit cooperatives receive the payment of special central bank bills, money, debit reserve deposits (or deposit money Associated Press) subjects, credited to this account. This course is a bridging course.
2316 Subject credited to working capital accounts of the subject
rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks and unified corporate counties (cities) Part of the incoming branches of the received body of RMB and foreign currency trading funds. The branch-specific subjects. branch agencies receive operating funds appropriated by this Part, the debit remember the course, credited ; allocation of working capital Subject accounting. shall be set and a breakdown between the units. deposit funds, debited to the relevant subjects, credited to the subjects; withdraw money, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2323 Subject credit amounts on deposit Associated Press
the subjects Xianlian She dedicated subjects, for accounting for credit on the deposit Xianlian She's reserve deposits and general transfer deposits. Xianlian She should set the details of credit accounts, the accounts.
2412 subjects transfers of funds transferred
credit cooperatives (including all levels of the Associated Press, rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks) money transferred between accounts in this course, money should be transferred to a breakdown of unit settings. funds transferred, by remember the subject, credited to this subject; return transferred funds to debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2413 Subject Accounting Banking Credit Borrowing
borrow the subject than other credit unions and finance companies other financial institutions (including urban credit cooperatives) in short-term or temporary funds, detailed breakdown should be set between the units. demolition man money, debited to the relevant subjects, credited to the subjects; repayment of loans, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2421 Subject
financial companies borrowing from other non-bank financial credit companies borrow short-term or temporary funds in the account of the subject. shall be set and a breakdown between the units. interbank borrowing, debit the subject, credited to this subject; repayment of loans, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2431 subjects should
credit remittance remittance business to be solved before a payment and procurement units in different places or individual temporary deposits and other temporary deposit accounts in the subject. should be receiving a breakdown of unit or individual settings. off-site and temporary import for payment to be deposited into the funds, debited to the relevant subjects, credited to the subjects; will Import payments (temporary deposit) for payment recipient, the debit of the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects; such as receiving the money back into the requirements of exchange or the intermediary, the debit of the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2441 Subject outward remittance
credit commissioned by the units or individuals to remit money overseas accounts in this course, money should be set and a breakdown of units or individuals. accept the client's export amount debited to the relevant subjects, credited to this subject; Huiru Xing (community) has solutions of the money to pay back the draft plan, the debit of the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2832 Subject line of the National Union Outward Remittance
credit accounts of the subject social issue of the National Union Bank Head Office deposited the money bill.
2511 subjects received units of credit margin
margin deposit accounts in the subject. shall be set and a breakdown of customers. guarantee deposits, debit the subject credited to the subjects; paid deposit, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2611 subjects interest payable
credit absorption of the year (or more) time deposits, according to the limits prescribed by the system and method Provision for interest payable in the current account of the subject. Provision for interest payable, debit 2621 credit courses to meet other payment
temporarily closed amounts of other units or individuals, including employees not scheduled to receive the wages to meet the temporary units and subordinate units receive higher payments, co-ordination of payment payable to retired workers. Other cope with temporary received payments and credit unions should pay additional education and other subjects in the accounting. shall be the type and amount of units, personal settings and a breakdown. happened to meet, when the temporary receipts , to meet a variety of resellers, temporary receipts, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects.
2622 Subject
commission and agency debt business credit accounts of the subjects received the Agricultural Bank and other financial institutions, other units (person) handled by the commission, trust and payment services on behalf of the funds. receipt of funds, the debited to the relevant subjects. The subject of the commission, the trust funds can only be greater than or equal to the trust and agency subject of the commission, trust loans balance.
credit collection services, such as collecting water like this, the collection of funds raised, collecting taxes, also accounted for by the subject. receipt of payment, debit the subject, credited to this subject, cross- payment to time by the Japanese subjects, credited to the relevant subjects. The subject should be entrusted to set up units and a breakdown of delegate types.
2631
credit courses meet the wage payable to employees total wages, including the total amount of all wages kinds of wages, bonuses, allowances, subsidies, whether in the current payment, are accounted for in the subject. not included in the wages of workers within the total amount issued, such as medical expenses, welfare benefits, retirement is not in the other subjects like accounting. end distribution of wages has been made. debited operating expenses, under construction, operating expenses to meet the welfare and other subjects, credited this account. The subject is set to content to detailed accounting.
payment of wages, the debit of the subjects, credits cash and other subjects. deducted from the wages payable also various amounts, debit the subjects, credits other receivables or other payables and other subjects. workers do not receive within the specified period wages, debit the subjects, credits other payables subjects.
2641 subjects drawn to meet welfare welfare
credit accounts in the subject. Extraction of welfare when , debit, operating expenses and other subjects, credited to this subject; to pay workers the medical and health costs, subsidies and other welfare workers difficult to cope with medical costs and welfare workers wages, the subjects debit, credit cash, accrued payroll and other subjects. ending balance for the welfare of the subjects the balance.
2642 subjects overall fund management accounts of the subject
county (city) Union of co-ordination of management fees, mutual fund, insurance payments and co-ordination of other funds, the subjects should be established a fund basis ledger management.
2651 Subject tax payable shall be paid by credit
various taxes, such as business tax, urban maintenance and construction tax, income tax, property tax, vehicle and vessel usage tax, land use tax, Fixed assets investment orientation regulation tax, accounting in this subject. should be set to the following detailed account; ① business tax payable; ② urban maintenance and construction tax payable; ③ property tax payable; ④ vehicle use tax payable; ⑤ land use tax payable ; ⑥ Income tax payable. Taxes payable, respectively, the following circumstances:
I. calculate the final credit unions should pay the sales tax and city maintenance and construction tax, business tax and additional account debit, credit to the subject.
2. end of credit should be paid to calculate the current real estate tax, vehicle use tax and land use tax, like using a debit business subjects, and undergraduate credit.
3. the end of the period to calculate the credit of income tax payable , subjects the distribution of profits tax payable for a debit account, credited to the subject.
4. Credit to calculate the final project the direction of the fixed assets should be adjusted to pay taxes, debit and other subjects in the construction, credit this account.
various taxes paid credit, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects, pay taxes, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects; refunding tax payments, debit the subject, credited to this account. If the end of this course was to pay more for the debit balance of taxes, such as a credit balance was unpaid taxes.
2653 withholding tax on interest payable
subjects Calculation in the savings credit withholding tax on interest . withholding taxes, debit .
2661 Credit Bureau since meet profit
the profits should be paid to investors, including the deal with countries and other units as well as personal investment profits accounted for in the subject. credit unions with the cooperation of other units or individual items, such as According to the agreement or contract should be paid to the profits of other units or individuals, are the subject accounts. period, the credit should be paid to calculate the current investors and the profits of other units or individuals, the distribution of profits subject debit, credit this subject ; payment of profits, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects. the end of the subjects, such as the debit balance was more Fuli Run, such as a credit balance was not paid the profits.
2671 Subject
credit accrued expenses Community pre-extraction, but the fees actually paid by the end, such as the withholding of rent, insurance, repairs and other fixed assets accounted for in the subject. This type of course should be set and a breakdown of costs. credit accrued expenses included in this issue When operating expense account debited, credited to this subject; actual expenditure amount, the debit of the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects. Accrued expenses and the actual number of withholding a number of differences should be included in the cost of the occurrence of or costs.
2675 value of the assets to be transferred subject
credit accounts of the subject of accepting donations of assets to be transferred. credit course heads should be set in the value of non-monetary assets donated monetary donation of assets shall be recorded on the system requirements to determine their value, debit included in the current tax law by taxable income, the credit should have been credited to the purpose of the book balance of undergraduate, debit the subjects, according to the amount of payable income tax credit to their differences, credited to recorded the subjects, according to examination and verification by the competent tax authorities included in the current period taxable income part of the credit amount of credit accrued expenses Long-term borrowings (excluding the People's Bank, the Agricultural Bank's long-term loans), loan type and units should be set to a breakdown, respectively. borrowed money, debited to the relevant subjects, credited to this subject; repayment of loans, debit the subject credited to the relevant subjects.
to acquire fixed assets, interest on borrowings, the acquisition or construction of fixed assets occurred during the period, included in fixed asset value, after completion of delivery occurs during the repayment period, directly included in a detailed account;
1. par value; 2. bond premium; 3. bond discount; 4. accrued interest.
credit issued bonds, according to the amount actually received, debit, cash and other relevant subjects , according to par value, credited the subjects (par value); premium or discount bonds, it shall be the amount actually received and the par value of the difference between the credit (or debit) of the subjects (bond premium or the bond discount.) agency bonds issued to pay the printing costs, publicity expenses and fees, debit subjects operating expenses, cash credit and other relevant subjects.
credit provision should be of interest. premium or discount bonds, the actual amount received by the difference between the par value of bonds, the duration of the bonds should be amortized. installments accrued interest and amortization of premiums and discounts should be dealing with different circumstances;
1. face value of bonds should be provision for interest, debit interest subjects, credited to this subject (accrued interest).
2. premium bonds, the premium to be amortized according to the amount of debit of the subjects (bond premiums), interest accrual Amortisation of premium amount and the difference between the debit interest subjects, according to accrued interest credited to the subjects (with accrued interest).
3. discount bonds, according to the amount to be amortized discount and accrued interest sum, debit interest subjects, amortization of discount on the accrual amount credited to this subject (bond discounts) accrued interest credited to the subjects (with accrued interest.) maturity of the bonds, to pay bond principal and interest when debit of the subjects (par value of bonds and accrued interest), credited to the relevant subjects. Credit to issue bonds in preparation, should be the face amount of bonds, bond interest rate, payback period and methods, the total issue, issue date and No other reference book in the registration. This course is the end of the outstanding balance of the number of bond principal and interest. (to be discussed)
2731 subjects long-term payables
addition to long-term loans and credit other than the issuance of bonds with long-term payable as to meet finance lease rental and other fixed assets in the accounts of the subject. shall be the type of long-term payables to detailed accounting. Credit financing leased fixed assets, financial leasing fees to be paid, debit under construction engineering subjects, credited to this subject; to pay a finance lease payments, debit the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects. Fixed assets under finance leases, no need to install can be delivered, and may subject construction through accounting, the costs incurred, as a fixed asset original cost, the fixed asset account debit, credit and other relevant courses in this subject. Long-term interest payments and related costs, in addition with the construction of fixed assets in the fixed assets has not yet delivered or put into use, although Pat but not for that occurred prior to completion of final accounts, included in the purchase of fixed assets related to completion of the addition, like with other interest and related income statement. the end of this course is outstanding credit balance of the various long-term payables.
2735 deferred tax accounting of the subject
tax effect accounting method adopted accounting treatment of credit for income taxes, due to timing differences between accounting profit before tax due to the difference between taxable income the amount of income tax, and the subsequent The amount of the reversal.
the tax effect accounting method accounting treatment of income tax credit, according to current income tax expense should be included in profit or loss, debit, income tax rate under the payable income tax credit remember the subject. current period deferred tax to be reversed in subsequent periods, such as a debit balance, debit ; income treatment, the Division shall be the purpose of the balance of tax changes or new tax adjustments.
credit unions to accept non-cash assets donated by the future income tax payable, is also the subject accounts. credit unions to accept non-cash assets donated by determining the value of debit marketing or disposal of non-cash asset donations of time, according to the provisions of the income tax payable, a debit of the subject, credited paragraph reference book sheet, fill in the When blended with the money, debited to the relevant subjects, credited to this subject; the same time, against a currency, a debit of the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects. in the financial market in foreign exchange trading to be done case by case basis accounting, each pen business end, the exchange rate by buying and selling deviation or loss. occurred income, debit the subjects, credited credited to the subject,
the subject a Currency balance of the bid-based number. employee housing funds. made for the employee housing funds, debited to the relevant subjects, credited to this subject; expenditure incurred, the debit of the subjects, credited to the relevant subjects. 住房周转金 interest income should return to the principal, the Subject to working capital credit balance balance.
(c) the balance common class
4601 Subject to the special foreign exchange accounts subject to export account
the electronic exchange between the community through special accounts issued to the designated payment is received or designated . program received a note of the course credit, a note of this course is designated to pay debit.
4602 subject to special foreign exchange account of the subject account
community through the exchange of people between the received special electronic exchange to account on behalf of the payment or collection of funds . on behalf of the borrower to pay in mind when, in mind when collecting credit.
4611 subjects over the previous year to account
exchange last year accounted for the subject electronic exchange transactions through the special allocation of funds to the account. Except for the accounting on this subject year to the account and written off the balance, the amount shall not have occurred.
4612 subjects over the previous year to account
exchange last year accounted for the subject electronic exchange transactions through the special allocation of funds to accounts.
4615 subjects Exchange differences
exchange remittance of all accounts of the subjects to participate in special electronic exchange between the community formed due to meet the exchange differences.
4621 Subject provincial jurisdiction subject to the accounting of the account
The firm participated in the provincial jurisdiction (including Bank run by provincial jurisdiction and provincial jurisdiction) accounts issued to the business plan and the plan received payment. program received a note of the course credit, a note of this course is designated to pay debit.
4622 Subject provincial jurisdiction to account
the subjects participated in the provincial jurisdiction of accounting credit LaSalle business to account and payment received or collected funds on behalf of the borrower to pay a note of the subjects, the collection of a note of the course credit.
4625 Subject provincial jurisdiction over the previous year to account < br> This course credit on the account to the account funds the annual provincial jurisdiction. The new year begins, the words subjects other than for the remaining balance written off last year, the amount shall not have occurred.
4626 Subject provincial jurisdiction over the previous year to account
accounting credit of the course the previous year to account payments under provincial jurisdiction. The new year begins, should be the provincial jurisdiction over the previous year to account br> The subjects participated in the provincial jurisdiction over accounting transactions credit or due to the formation of the exchange differences.
4631 Subject
County jurisdiction to account to participate in the course of rural credit cooperatives accounted for LaSalle County jurisdiction (including running the county jurisdiction and Banks County jurisdiction) business plan sent to the account payment is received or designated. program received a note of the course credit, a note of this course is designated to pay debit.
4632 County jurisdiction subject to loss account of the subject of rural credit cooperatives
The firm participated in the county jurisdiction (including running the county jurisdiction and banking County jurisdiction) to the business account received money, the amount designated in mind the subjects received a debit, a payment plan in mind of the subject credit.
4635 subjects over the previous year County jurisdiction to account
accounting of the subject jurisdiction of rural credit cooperatives to the statement of last year the county money. a new beginning of the year, County jurisdiction should be subject to the account balance without accounting entries directly into this account. the new year began, Except for the cancellation of the course the balance of the previous year, the amount shall not have occurred.
4636 subjects over the previous year to account
County was rural credit cooperatives, on the subject account to account funds the annual county jurisdiction. the beginning of new year , County jurisdiction should be subject to account balance without accounting entries directly into this account. the new year began, the subjects received only for the accounting year, the county last year to account business jurisdiction.
to be County jurisdiction over the previous year to account poor
rural credit cooperatives to participate in the County subject accounting transactions jurisdiction or due to the formation of the exchange differences.
4641 Subject Clubs (line) in between
credit cooperatives (including rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks, unity Corporate social) system owned and table outlets (including branches) between the Bank of China, and the end of the year to the credit of the transfer or loss of business class network of subjects, both in the subject accounts. sums deposited outlets , credit debited to the relevant subjects, credited the subjects (the opposite outlets accounting entries); business outlets withdraw money, credit debit of the subjects, credits of the course (the opposite outlets accounting entries). The subjects should be a breakdown by business office setting. credit unions prepare consolidated financial statements, the balance should reflect the netting. and account system outlets and financial relationships between credit unions should use the may not use the course.
(d) subjects the owner of equity
3011 paid-up capital (equity)
absorption of the course credit for payment of the capital account, including individual shares, corporate shares, the Subject should investors (unit) setting a breakdown. This subject has accumulated over the years accounted for the formation of credit capital.
3021 Subject Capital surplus Capital surplus achieved
credit course in the accounting, the capital should be eucalyptus reserve the formation of a breakdown of the type of setting. credit unions to accept cash donations, donations received shall be the actual, debit the market price of similar assets provided by or under the relevant credentials as determined by the value of debit resulting in the difference between the registered capital, as capital premium, the investor actually paid capital, shall be actually received the amount, debit fixed assets and other subjects, according to investors in the new share of registered capital share of credit credit unions to capital reserves, the debit of the subjects, credits The accounting course credit from the surplus profits reserve and the collective welfare facilities for staff welfare fund. undergraduate surplus reserve and the Community Chest to set the heads of two accounts detailed accounting. credit after tax profit from the surplus reserve and the Community Chest, the debit reserve Bukui subjects; to surplus reserve into capital, the debit of the subjects, credits recorded cash or related subjects; year-end surplus reserve account to the Community Chest and then account that a debit reserve mm Chest subjects, positive earnings credited to reserve mm subjects.
course aims to end the surplus credit balance reserve balances.
3041 subjects in general accounting credit of the subject prepared
extracted from the net profit for the possibility to make up for losses not yet ready to identify.
order of the subjects in the reserve DU will be the end of credit interest income and other income into the subject, the debit , subject, the debit head principal and interest credited to , loss. credit balance of profit. year end, credit DU will be offset by income and expenditure this year, after the bear to achieve a net profit this year. all into distribution of profits and distribution losses of the calendar year (or deficits) the balance of after. The subject set 4) to calculate the dividend to be paid work: credit unions should be paid to the calculation of workers labor dividend credit, debit the subjects, credited end, will this year achieve the credit du net profit (or loss), from the entry to the contrary. Meanwhile, the course heads into the other details of the account balance account details. carryover after the debit balance of the subjects did not compensate for the losses, credit balance of undistributed profits. end of the year, in addition to distribution of profits ...
Thursday, March 3, 2011
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Communication needs of the automotive industry
Communication research began in the war years to serve for the purpose of war propaganda, the competition in the auto market today, from the many media, business information dissemination can be found in the case of the light of the wisdom of Communication.
What is communication? Why study communication? Communication and cars have to do? development of the Internet is now in full swing, and today we are talking about web2.0, talking about Twitter era, there web3.0, these are all spoken communication it?
What is Communication: Communication is the study of human communication activities and the laws of science, is a comprehensive analysis of all quantitative, empirical and based on behavioral research methods, the formation of research methods and perspectives. Communication is a social science a branch is a development and improvement is the science. Communication is a very real value of learning, the use of good communication to both the media, the editors / reporters, or enterprise information dissemination and development, have a very practical value.
course, when we learn communication, it should be remembered that the founder of the science and the historical background of communication.
I, the founder of Communication
Lippmann is a columnist and journalist, who in 1922 wrote an influential book, the application of stereotype content. his concern about the influence of newspapers, especially the newspaper as a propaganda tool, the main topic of the First World War. He is also concerned about the fact that people's understanding of the world by image the beginning of modern science, one advocate. He graduated from the University of Chicago, Ph.D. Yale University and later taught at his alma mater, former President of American Political Science Association. He devoted his life to break the artificial delineation of boundaries between disciplines in political science, communication and sociology and other fields have become the founder. He was the first in the field of publicity has a great impact, in 1927, he published a doctoral thesis on promotional strategies in the First World War and its effects. He and Berelson's content analysis, as the main research methods of communication. In addition, Lasswell also many of the basic theories of communication over the issue of further study. published in 1948, known as the classic paper communication Communication Research outlines five key areas, and discusses the social function of communication. These results on the structure of the theoretical system of communication is important.
Lazarsfeld Austrian-American, the famous sociologist . graduated from the University of Vienna, has been philosophy, humanities and law degrees. Lazarsfeld is a communication research method was the most influential one of .1932, the earliest use of the field survey in Vienna in the broadcast of. established after the Columbia University Center for Applied Social Research, the famous sociologist, Merton worked for many years. He proposed the , opened the way communication mechanism. He also proposed the tool maker, the role of Studies on the Group Dynamics Research Center. Lewin is the founder of Group Dynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology has created a Research Center of Group Dynamics. He is very spread of the group, and group norms in the population attributable impact on individuals rather contribution. He has designed a classic experiment on group communication, and proposed the famous how groups of individuals, groups, the effect of mutual influence, how it affects the media research group, promoted the establishment of communication.
Hovland of Yale University professor of American experimental psychologist, in the psychological life of Influence of human behavior. graduated from Northwestern University, received his Ph.D. at Yale University. Candidates who served during World War II U.S. Army headquarters in the psychological laboratory director, led the expert group thought the U.S. military guidance and research training programs of the military improve morale within the educational film on the role and effectiveness. after the war returned to Yale University, presided over the for the establishment of communication to make a contribution. Hovland of the most outstanding contribution to the communication, namely the introduction of the dissemination of psychological research experiments, and second, through the dissemination of research results revealed the formation conditions and complex to deny the early Swell, Lewin, Lazarsfeld, and Hovland's research work for the creation of communication laid the foundation, can be called the founder. future researchers in their basis, the development of communication research complete and complex system, the research methods for more detailed distinction of modern communication research from skyrocketing.
Second, the development of two schools of communication
stages of development communication research in the dissemination of research results the emergence of a number of valuable theoretical depth, more important is this period that the critical school of communication. So far, roughly divided into two schools of communication research:: First experience in school, one school of criticism. faction to the United States as the center and those who are based in Western Europe as the core of the critical school of them to stand on critical stance on the review of capitalist society, which focuses on cultural studies.
the empirical school of communication, mainly refers to the American scholar represented by the traditional school, they are in communication research in the mainstream. them to study from a behavioral perspective, the experience in the study materials and focus on empirical study, it is claimed to be empirical school. Western Europe, some scholars believe that the U.S. experience in school The study was standing on the starting position of the Administration, and therefore also what they call the Chief School. empirical school study is characterized by: the reasonableness of the existing social system does not care, but the maintenance and improvement of the existing social system and their functions . They can be self-regulating society as a balanced and organic organisms. empirical school adheres to the method of empirical research empirical position in the direction adhere to the study of pragmatism, insisted in the guiding ideology of social pluralism View.
Communication critical school in the 60s of this century, the rise in Europe. Its rise to a large extent by the Frankfurt School of Social Sciences. It really is not a unified whole, but also contains a number of factions. held by each one of these schools said that their own categories, but they are also a common tendency to oppose the school experience of the United States.
critical school of communication the basic features are: (1) their impact on modern capitalist society critical of that modern capitalist society, ways and means of media, denial of people's rights and freedoms, should be the focus of the study; (3) In what ways and means to make people be deprived of the basic value is recovered, it is the purpose of the study.
Third, the automotive industry needs communication
auto market in China today, people would say the best selling cars Shanghai GM; was puzzled why the German cars better than Japanese cars, but they are selling, but Japanese cars? in my It appears that Shanghai GM really is the next in the dissemination of the work, and in mastering the demands of people, the spread in the target audience has done very well, they are very clear on who said what to say, how to say the problem, so they can impress the most effective readers, they are naturally able to sell the car very well; for German cars, Japanese cars, in fact, it has a simple answer, from the spread between the characteristics of view, the spread of Ashkenazi company focused on movement, handling, etc., the car stood out to professional readers; Japanese car firms are speaking very little depth of technology, the focus is some sense about things, some of the good life Imagination.
classification from the perspective of the audience Look, the community people will never know the car do not know the car is less than willing to understand people than cars do not want to understand the car. because what is needed is a good opening to open the car, drove a face car, rather than experts themselves into cars, but do not want to become a racing athletes, so the Japanese car firms caught most people's psychological needs, and the spread of Ashkenazi car prices gained only a few people. In fact, Ashkenazi the spread of sports business is not about sports, and to disseminate the core is, as with the movement characteristics, so the degree of difficulty of this car manufacturing, quality control standards, safety standards are much higher than a car without this quality mm manufacturers want the reader to come to the answer. and they will focus on the performance of the spread of the instructions, and the result is to make most people do not want to read those articles as the same professional Juela; only a few people are willing to understand that the car mistakenly believe that German cars is exercise, exercise would have cost the oil, but did not realize the true meaning of manufacturers want to convey; and very little of the automotive enthusiasts who read the article highly specialized, though well aware of where the wonderful, but they may be too like sports, and in their view, the car is in fact not a Personal communication with excellent results, but the effect of how interpersonal communication can be compared with the mass media? recent years, Japanese car prices is to speak up the technical VVTI (VVT, etc.), will be the technology that became the Japanese car saving tips This makes a lot of Chinese consumers are very happy to accept, in fact, this is the engine valve opening and closing by the time control to achieve fuel-efficient. The German cars have this technology back in the early 90s to use it, and later the Europeans that this is not The best way to solve the problem, so choose the other technical route, for example, is today the public launch of TSI + mm turbo gasoline direct injection technology. but why the majority of the public still believe that technology is very advanced VVTI it? communication effects happen The difference in communication there is a theory called the limited effect theory, now a department car prices are not the most advanced technology into a technology to save money, so the momentum from the transmission, from the affinity won the overwhelming majority of consumers favor of Japanese cars.
decision due to the different philosophy of product research and development of different ideas, different marketing concepts, and different marketing objectives, different cultural backgrounds different from the spread of the concept decision, the spread of ideas of different communication effects obtained completely different, which is why manufacturers responsible for the dissemination of the department of communication to learn that, because the purpose of dissemination is to allow more consumers to buy their own production car, in order to achieve the most effective communication, understand the essential principles of communication.
for the media, the journalists do not know if communication, may choose to write articles is not the best style, the use of inverted pyramid structure may use the pyramid structure, in terms of single articles may be written for very beautiful, but the effect of persuading the reader, the effect of the gap is huge. If you do not spread the good effect is equal to waste a reporter's work , newspaper layout, the site of memory equal to the waste. For the media is concerned, to understand the principles of communication in order to better self-positioning in order to achieve the requirements of community media for the public as a good gatekeeper. Some people say that now have entered the era of Twitter, who is the gatekeeper ah? site editor is still the gatekeeper. because there is no network support for editing, the voice of one group can not be enlarged, and whether to support the amplification of this sound, depends entirely on the web editor.
from this sense, the reading point of communication for the development of China's automobile industry invaluable. Even if you do not want to be a communication expert, but if you are in one part of the dissemination activities, it is still to be understand the basic principles of communication as well. The popularity of the common sense point of communication and to communication and information dissemination vehicles set a link is the purpose of writing this book.
the purpose of practicality, this decision the book is not as traditional as all-encompassing work of communication, but rather a selection of basic theory, and theoretical context of the development of normalized integrated order book. illustrative examples and the chapters related to the spread of cases, have sought to use Automotive Communication of the case, to help readers understand the theory of knowledge. Communication is the first day of the birth of the service for the practice, if the book can be for the automotive industry to improve the quality of information and communication influence the lives of the role of the book even if it reached . As for the fine seek solutions for communication and research scholars, the book is certainly a superficial reader, the book has inappropriate million look correct me.
2009, the Internet just the 40th anniversary of the birth of the Internet has changed the world, then the Internet is broken communication theory? answer is no. The Internet is a communication tool that brings many new forms of communication, to the people at the same time to maximize the freedom of speech , also made a lot of serious problems related to the moral, ethical, and legal, in the car competition, surprising issues to network managers presented new challenges, because the freedom of expression and maintenance between the interests of readers, there is a very difficult to draw the boundaries is very difficult to grasp the sense of propriety, which is the management of traditional media different. Of course, the disseminator of information for the car is also challenging, because the Internet has a powerful interactive feature that determines it is hard to distinguish who is the communicator, who is to be communicators, and even some of the information is difficult to distinguish source. This requires that we master the tools of information dissemination editors, journalists, business leaders together with the spread of workers begin to act together to create a good space vehicle information dissemination.
mm Note: One, two two-part mainly taken from the Wuhan University of Geosciences Network
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What is communication? Why study communication? Communication and cars have to do? development of the Internet is now in full swing, and today we are talking about web2.0, talking about Twitter era, there web3.0, these are all spoken communication it?
What is Communication: Communication is the study of human communication activities and the laws of science, is a comprehensive analysis of all quantitative, empirical and based on behavioral research methods, the formation of research methods and perspectives. Communication is a social science a branch is a development and improvement is the science. Communication is a very real value of learning, the use of good communication to both the media, the editors / reporters, or enterprise information dissemination and development, have a very practical value.
course, when we learn communication, it should be remembered that the founder of the science and the historical background of communication.
I, the founder of Communication
Lippmann is a columnist and journalist, who in 1922 wrote an influential book, the application of stereotype content. his concern about the influence of newspapers, especially the newspaper as a propaganda tool, the main topic of the First World War. He is also concerned about the fact that people's understanding of the world by image the beginning of modern science, one advocate. He graduated from the University of Chicago, Ph.D. Yale University and later taught at his alma mater, former President of American Political Science Association. He devoted his life to break the artificial delineation of boundaries between disciplines in political science, communication and sociology and other fields have become the founder. He was the first in the field of publicity has a great impact, in 1927, he published a doctoral thesis on promotional strategies in the First World War and its effects. He and Berelson's content analysis, as the main research methods of communication. In addition, Lasswell also many of the basic theories of communication over the issue of further study. published in 1948, known as the classic paper communication Communication Research outlines five key areas, and discusses the social function of communication. These results on the structure of the theoretical system of communication is important.
Lazarsfeld Austrian-American, the famous sociologist . graduated from the University of Vienna, has been philosophy, humanities and law degrees. Lazarsfeld is a communication research method was the most influential one of .1932, the earliest use of the field survey in Vienna in the broadcast of. established after the Columbia University Center for Applied Social Research, the famous sociologist, Merton worked for many years. He proposed the , opened the way communication mechanism. He also proposed the tool maker, the role of Studies on the Group Dynamics Research Center. Lewin is the founder of Group Dynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology has created a Research Center of Group Dynamics. He is very spread of the group, and group norms in the population attributable impact on individuals rather contribution. He has designed a classic experiment on group communication, and proposed the famous how groups of individuals, groups, the effect of mutual influence, how it affects the media research group, promoted the establishment of communication.
Hovland of Yale University professor of American experimental psychologist, in the psychological life of Influence of human behavior. graduated from Northwestern University, received his Ph.D. at Yale University. Candidates who served during World War II U.S. Army headquarters in the psychological laboratory director, led the expert group thought the U.S. military guidance and research training programs of the military improve morale within the educational film on the role and effectiveness. after the war returned to Yale University, presided over the for the establishment of communication to make a contribution. Hovland of the most outstanding contribution to the communication, namely the introduction of the dissemination of psychological research experiments, and second, through the dissemination of research results revealed the formation conditions and complex to deny the early Swell, Lewin, Lazarsfeld, and Hovland's research work for the creation of communication laid the foundation, can be called the founder. future researchers in their basis, the development of communication research complete and complex system, the research methods for more detailed distinction of modern communication research from skyrocketing.
Second, the development of two schools of communication
stages of development communication research in the dissemination of research results the emergence of a number of valuable theoretical depth, more important is this period that the critical school of communication. So far, roughly divided into two schools of communication research:: First experience in school, one school of criticism. faction to the United States as the center and those who are based in Western Europe as the core of the critical school of them to stand on critical stance on the review of capitalist society, which focuses on cultural studies.
the empirical school of communication, mainly refers to the American scholar represented by the traditional school, they are in communication research in the mainstream. them to study from a behavioral perspective, the experience in the study materials and focus on empirical study, it is claimed to be empirical school. Western Europe, some scholars believe that the U.S. experience in school The study was standing on the starting position of the Administration, and therefore also what they call the Chief School. empirical school study is characterized by: the reasonableness of the existing social system does not care, but the maintenance and improvement of the existing social system and their functions . They can be self-regulating society as a balanced and organic organisms. empirical school adheres to the method of empirical research empirical position in the direction adhere to the study of pragmatism, insisted in the guiding ideology of social pluralism View.
Communication critical school in the 60s of this century, the rise in Europe. Its rise to a large extent by the Frankfurt School of Social Sciences. It really is not a unified whole, but also contains a number of factions. held by each one of these schools said that their own categories, but they are also a common tendency to oppose the school experience of the United States.
critical school of communication the basic features are: (1) their impact on modern capitalist society critical of that modern capitalist society, ways and means of media, denial of people's rights and freedoms, should be the focus of the study; (3) In what ways and means to make people be deprived of the basic value is recovered, it is the purpose of the study.
Third, the automotive industry needs communication
auto market in China today, people would say the best selling cars Shanghai GM; was puzzled why the German cars better than Japanese cars, but they are selling, but Japanese cars? in my It appears that Shanghai GM really is the next in the dissemination of the work, and in mastering the demands of people, the spread in the target audience has done very well, they are very clear on who said what to say, how to say the problem, so they can impress the most effective readers, they are naturally able to sell the car very well; for German cars, Japanese cars, in fact, it has a simple answer, from the spread between the characteristics of view, the spread of Ashkenazi company focused on movement, handling, etc., the car stood out to professional readers; Japanese car firms are speaking very little depth of technology, the focus is some sense about things, some of the good life Imagination.
classification from the perspective of the audience Look, the community people will never know the car do not know the car is less than willing to understand people than cars do not want to understand the car. because what is needed is a good opening to open the car, drove a face car, rather than experts themselves into cars, but do not want to become a racing athletes, so the Japanese car firms caught most people's psychological needs, and the spread of Ashkenazi car prices gained only a few people. In fact, Ashkenazi the spread of sports business is not about sports, and to disseminate the core is, as with the movement characteristics, so the degree of difficulty of this car manufacturing, quality control standards, safety standards are much higher than a car without this quality mm manufacturers want the reader to come to the answer. and they will focus on the performance of the spread of the instructions, and the result is to make most people do not want to read those articles as the same professional Juela; only a few people are willing to understand that the car mistakenly believe that German cars is exercise, exercise would have cost the oil, but did not realize the true meaning of manufacturers want to convey; and very little of the automotive enthusiasts who read the article highly specialized, though well aware of where the wonderful, but they may be too like sports, and in their view, the car is in fact not a Personal communication with excellent results, but the effect of how interpersonal communication can be compared with the mass media? recent years, Japanese car prices is to speak up the technical VVTI (VVT, etc.), will be the technology that became the Japanese car saving tips This makes a lot of Chinese consumers are very happy to accept, in fact, this is the engine valve opening and closing by the time control to achieve fuel-efficient. The German cars have this technology back in the early 90s to use it, and later the Europeans that this is not The best way to solve the problem, so choose the other technical route, for example, is today the public launch of TSI + mm turbo gasoline direct injection technology. but why the majority of the public still believe that technology is very advanced VVTI it? communication effects happen The difference in communication there is a theory called the limited effect theory, now a department car prices are not the most advanced technology into a technology to save money, so the momentum from the transmission, from the affinity won the overwhelming majority of consumers favor of Japanese cars.
decision due to the different philosophy of product research and development of different ideas, different marketing concepts, and different marketing objectives, different cultural backgrounds different from the spread of the concept decision, the spread of ideas of different communication effects obtained completely different, which is why manufacturers responsible for the dissemination of the department of communication to learn that, because the purpose of dissemination is to allow more consumers to buy their own production car, in order to achieve the most effective communication, understand the essential principles of communication.
for the media, the journalists do not know if communication, may choose to write articles is not the best style, the use of inverted pyramid structure may use the pyramid structure, in terms of single articles may be written for very beautiful, but the effect of persuading the reader, the effect of the gap is huge. If you do not spread the good effect is equal to waste a reporter's work , newspaper layout, the site of memory equal to the waste. For the media is concerned, to understand the principles of communication in order to better self-positioning in order to achieve the requirements of community media for the public as a good gatekeeper. Some people say that now have entered the era of Twitter, who is the gatekeeper ah? site editor is still the gatekeeper. because there is no network support for editing, the voice of one group can not be enlarged, and whether to support the amplification of this sound, depends entirely on the web editor.
from this sense, the reading point of communication for the development of China's automobile industry invaluable. Even if you do not want to be a communication expert, but if you are in one part of the dissemination activities, it is still to be understand the basic principles of communication as well. The popularity of the common sense point of communication and to communication and information dissemination vehicles set a link is the purpose of writing this book.
the purpose of practicality, this decision the book is not as traditional as all-encompassing work of communication, but rather a selection of basic theory, and theoretical context of the development of normalized integrated order book. illustrative examples and the chapters related to the spread of cases, have sought to use Automotive Communication of the case, to help readers understand the theory of knowledge. Communication is the first day of the birth of the service for the practice, if the book can be for the automotive industry to improve the quality of information and communication influence the lives of the role of the book even if it reached . As for the fine seek solutions for communication and research scholars, the book is certainly a superficial reader, the book has inappropriate million look correct me.
2009, the Internet just the 40th anniversary of the birth of the Internet has changed the world, then the Internet is broken communication theory? answer is no. The Internet is a communication tool that brings many new forms of communication, to the people at the same time to maximize the freedom of speech , also made a lot of serious problems related to the moral, ethical, and legal, in the car competition, surprising issues to network managers presented new challenges, because the freedom of expression and maintenance between the interests of readers, there is a very difficult to draw the boundaries is very difficult to grasp the sense of propriety, which is the management of traditional media different. Of course, the disseminator of information for the car is also challenging, because the Internet has a powerful interactive feature that determines it is hard to distinguish who is the communicator, who is to be communicators, and even some of the information is difficult to distinguish source. This requires that we master the tools of information dissemination editors, journalists, business leaders together with the spread of workers begin to act together to create a good space vehicle information dissemination.
mm Note: One, two two-part mainly taken from the Wuhan University of Geosciences Network
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